Moreover, the independence of experts may be difficult to appraise. However, reviewing these results is a long and tedious task, hence the meta-analyses and guidelines are not updated each time a new trial is published. Trial results are reviewed by experts and consensus panels for producing meta-analyses and clinical practice guidelines. We conclude that the best options are the horizontal stacked bar chart, which allows labels to help identify the categories of adverse drug events, and the area-proportional flower glyph, which permits a better visualization of small values when very high values are present.Ĭlinical trials are the basis of Evidence-Based Medicine. We compare the four approaches, analytically and through a preliminary user study aimed at determining the user preferred visual analytics, and we identify their advantages and disadvantages. We designed four interactive visual analytics: horizontal stacked bar chart with labels, vertical stacked bar chart, area-proportional flower glyphs and star glyphs. In this paper, we focus on the visualization of adverse drug event rates, aggregated in 13 anatomical categories and 2 levels of seriousness. However, this data remains little used currently, due to the volume and the tabular presentation. Many trial results are available online in trial registries, such as. The platform was presented to four experts in drug safety, and is publicly available online, with the ontology of pain treatment ADE.ĭrugs are evaluated and compared during clinical trials, and the observed adverse drug events are recorded. We illustrate the interest of this platform through several use cases and we were able to find back conclusions that were initially found during meta-analyses. It also relies on a 26-dimensional flower glyph for the visualization of the Adverse Drug Events (ADE) rates in 13 categories and 2 levels of seriousness. This platform is based on an ontological model including 582 trials on pain treatments, and uses semantic web technologies for querying this dataset at various levels of granularity. In this paper, we present a platform for analyzing the safety events reported during clinical trials and published in trial registries. Nevertheless, data science methods have not yet been applied widely to trial data. Since 12 years, many trial results are publicly available online in trial registries. On the contrary, in many other domains, including medical risk analysis, the advent of data science, big data and visual analytics allowed moving from expert-based to fact-based knowledge. 1.Clinical trials are the basis of Evidence-Based Medicine. However, without any further ado, below are the methods explained into details. In a couple of minutes, I’ll explain several methods you can use to get the 2 Squared ( ²) and any other symbol as and when the need arises.Īs a quick guide, press down the Alt key and type 0178 or 253 alt code on your numeric keypad. In the following sections, I will show you all the easy ways to type or insert this symbol (2 Squared – ²) anywhere on your Windows or Mac PC (such as Word or Excel or PowerPoint). How to Insert the 2 Squared symbol in Word/Excel Especially now that you are reading this step-by-step guide. Typing becomes very difficult for you if you need to add some of these symbols regularly into your work.īut it doesn’t have to be difficult. One of these symbols is the 2 Squared Symbol ( ²). However, other symbols aren’t printed on the keyboard as second keys. For instance, pressing Shift + 7 keys give you the Ampersand (&) sign. Just by pressing two or more keys simultaneously, you can easily insert such symbols into your work. That is to say that there are symbols readily available as second keys on the keyboard. However, if you are not satisfied with this quick help, keep reading below as I will explain in detail, how to get the Squared symbol or any other symbol anywhere on your Mac or Windows PC like in MS Word/Excel/PowerPoint.Īs you may already know, there are several dual-purpose keys on the keyboard for both Windows and Mac. Whether you are using Windows or Mac, the above information is enough for you to write the Squared sign into your Word/Excel document. More details about typing the 2 Squared Symbol ²
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