We deduced that TD individuals with a high awareness of ASD-related communication difficulties evaluated themselves as more sensitive regarding their relationship with others. Study 1 applied the literacy scale of ASD characteristics and self-positiveness scale to TD individuals (N=189). This paper examines correlations between understanding autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and self-positiveness in typically developing (TD) individuals. The Japanese Journal of Developmental Psychology 2021, Vol.32, No.1, 24–36. ◆Takiyoshi, Michika (Faculty of Education, Iwate University) & Tanaka, Mari (Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University): Correlations between Understanding Autism Spectrum Disorder and Self-positiveness in Typically Developing Individuals: Changes through Group Work with People with Autism Spectrum Disorder. 【Keywords】 Fathers, Perception of infant crying, Joint interviews The results suggested that fathers' cognitive processes change (i.e., from (i) cognitive process of elimination to (iii) initial interpretation in the cognitive process and (v) trial-and-error cognitive process) in response to cries of infants aged two and four months. Similar to the case with the mothers, fathers interpreted the cause of infants crying based on “perception” and “situation.” Therefore, the study found that fathers exhibited characteristic patterns in cognitive processing toward infants aged two and then four months. The fathers' cognitive processes in response to crying infants were classified into the following patterns: (i) cognitive process of elimination, (ii) iterative cognitive process, (iii) initial interpretation in the cognitive process, (iv) routine cognitive process, (v) trial-and-error cognitive process, and (vi) no cognitive processing. Joint interviews were conducted with 10 pairs of parents when their infants were aged two and then four months. The study aimed to examine fathers' cognitive process in response to crying infants and investigate how the process changes as two-month-old babies progress in age to be four-months-old. The Japanese Journal of Developmental Psychology 2021, Vol.32, No.1, 11–23. ◆Koyama, Saori (Faculty of Health Sciences, Hiroshima Shudo University), Moriyama, Masako (Department of Health Sciences Nursing and Education for Children, Aichi Konan College), Kobayashi, Sachiko (Department of Child Studies, Junior College, University of Shizuoka) & Obara, Tomoko (Faculty of Childhood Care and Education, Okazaki Women's University): Cognitive Process of Fathers in Response to Crying Infants. 【Keywords】Positive empathy, Negative empathy, Toddlerhood, Situational factors, Cross-sectional study Next, this study's implications and future research directions are discussed. Meanwhile, hypothesis testing hardly increases with age, and praising behaviors were rarely observed in positive empathy tasks. The children's empathetic responses were evaluated in each task, and results showed that toddlers' self-distress decreased with age in the negative empathy task, while their positive affect increased with age in the positive empathy task but only when the cause of their mothers' or the experimenter's affect was clear. The two tasks had clearly different causes for the affect. Each task involved either their mothers or an examiner displaying a positive or negative affect as a result of a positive or negative event. One hundred and twenty toddlers (1–3 years old) were observed as they performed two positive and two negative empathy tasks. This research examines the developmental differences between positive and negative empathy in toddlerhood and how situational variables affect a child's empathetic responses. The Japanese Journal of Developmental Psychology 2021, Vol.32, No.1, 1–10. Positive Empathy Development in Toddlers: Comparison with Negative Empathy Development and Examination of Situational Variables. THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY (2021, vol.32) Vol.32No.1 ◆Ueda, Mizuho (Graduate School of Humanities, Kwansei Gakuin University) & Katsurada, Emiko (Graduate School of Humanities, Kwansei Gakuin University).
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